The updated Surfshark analysis reveals that instead of saying "thank you" to your chatbot, you can run the AC for seven seconds or cool down with a mini fan for three minutes.
Image: Image: AppshunterIO - Unsplash
Key insights
- One ChatGPT query consumes energy equivalent to running a 40W mini cooling fan for about three minutes. Similarly, a single query uses the same amount of energy as charging your phone with a 5W charger for 24 minutes. Compared with more powerful appliances, such as a 1000W single-room air conditioner, one ChatGPT query equals about seven seconds of AC use. This means you could run an AC unit for 10 minutes with the energy used by approximately 86 queries. Finally, running a regular 550W household refrigerator for one hour uses roughly the same amount of energy as 277 ChatGPT queries.
- If every person in the USA made a single query to ChatGPT, it would use an estimated 685MWh of energy. To put this into perspective, this amount of energy could power approximately 63 average American homes for an entire year, given that the average USA household consumes about 10.8MWh annually¹.
- Each ChatGPT query produces an estimated 4.32 grams of CO₂². This is because powering the data centers that run these queries requires electricity, much of which is still generated from fossil fuels that emit carbon dioxide. Multiplied by millions of queries daily, this results in significant carbon emissions. For instance, just one day of everyone in the US making a single query could emit around 1479 metric tons of CO₂ — roughly equivalent to the annual emissions of about 322 average gasoline cars³, or the same carbon footprint as 1,500 people flying from London to New York and back⁴.
- The global number of AI users reached approximately one billion⁵ in the first half of 2026, nearly tripling from 378 million⁶ users in the first half of 2025. This represents an increase of nearly 622 million users year over year. As AI adoption grows, optimizing energy efficiency and carbon impact becomes increasingly critical.
- ChatGPT’s estimated energy consumption per simple query varies across studies, ranging from 0.3 watt-hours (Wh) (Epoch AI⁷, 2025) to around 3Wh (3Wh — Alex de Vries⁸, 2023; 2.9Wh — BestBrokers/EPRI⁹, 2024). These differences reflect variations in model size, hardware efficiency, and measurement methods. This variation highlights both ongoing improvements in AI infrastructure and the complexity of accurately measuring AI energy use. For this study, we used an average of 2Wh per ChatGPT query. Comparing the 2Wh energy use per ChatGPT query with Google Search shows that ChatGPT is nearly seven times more energy-demanding than Google Search (2 Wh vs. 0.3 Wh¹⁰).
Methodology and sources
The energy consumption estimates per ChatGPT query were compiled from multiple recent studies published between 2023 and 2025. Estimates derive from lifecycle assessments and hardware efficiency models, not direct measurements, due to limited transparency from AI companies. The low estimate of 0.3 watt-hours (Wh) per query comes from Epoch AI’s⁷ 2025 analysis, reflecting improvements in model optimization and infrastructure. The higher estimate of 3Wh per query is based on earlier work by Alex de Vries⁸ (2023) and corroborated by measurements from the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and BestBrokers⁹ in 2024 (2.9 Wh). Recent optimizations in GPT-4o reduced energy use to 0.3Wh, whereas older models consumed significantly more due to inefficient hardware. Equally, complex queries with very long inputs may even exceed 3Wh. For this study, we calculated the average from other studies, which resulted in a value of 2Wh.
Carbon emissions per query, estimated at 4.32 grams of CO₂², were derived from lifecycle analyses of data center electricity use, incorporating regional grid carbon intensity averages, assuming a global average grid intensity of 1.44 kg CO₂/kWh (actual emissions vary regionally, e.g., 0.144–9g CO₂/query). EPA⁶ estimates an average gasoline car emits ~4.6 metric tons of CO₂ annually (387 kg/month).
Appliance power ratings were sourced from publicly available manufacturer specifications representing typical household devices. Energy consumption over five minutes was calculated by multiplying power (in watts) by the fraction of an hour (5/60), yielding watt-hours (Wh).
For the complete research material behind this study, visit here.
References:
¹EnergyBot (2025). Average Energy Consumption per Household [2024 U.S Study]
²Smartly.ai (2024). What is the CO2 emission per ChatGPT query?
⁴The Guardian. How your flight emits as much CO2 as many people do in a year.
⁵Demandsage. AI Chatbot Statistics 2026
⁷EPOCH AI (2025). How much energy does ChatGPT use?
⁸Alex de Vries (2023). The growing energy footprint of artificial intelligence
¹⁰RW DIGITAL (2024). How Much Energy Do Google Search and ChatGPT Use?
Edited by Irfan Ahmad.
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