Automation is creeping into workplaces faster than ever, and not all jobs are built to survive the shift. A recent analysis by WillRobotTakeMyJob ranks 100 occupations that face the greatest risk of being replaced by machines, alongside 100 that appear safer, at least for now. The study uses machine learning models trained on U.S. Department of Labor data to estimate how likely a job is to be automated based on the skills, knowledge, and complexity it demands.
The results don't just show who might be vulnerable, but also who’s likely to keep a human edge in the age of artificial intelligence.
Where Automation Hits Hardest
Jobs that repeat the same steps each day, rely on limited decision-making, or involve manual labor in structured environments have the highest odds of being automated. Many of the top-ranked high-risk jobs involve physical tasks or simple data handling.
- Refuse and Recyclable Material Collectors top the list with a 100% risk score. They earn around $45,760 and face slow job growth.
- Packers and Packagers earn even less, roughly $34,800, and also hold a perfect risk rating. Like many warehouse roles, their work is predictable and easy to program.
- Machine Feeders, Offbearers, and Freight Laborers also fall into this category. They’re already being replaced by robotics in factories and fulfillment centers.
Other occupations flagged include dredge operators, billing clerks, shoe machine operators, and title examiners. These roles typically carry lower wages, ranging between $35,000 and $55,000, and have little demand for personal judgment or creative thinking.
Even jobs that once seemed secure, like credit analysts and customer service reps, now face high exposure. AI can quickly learn patterns in credit risk or handle scripted client queries, often more efficiently than a person can.
| # | Occupation | Risk level | Job score | Risk level (voted) | Median wage (USD) | Projected growth (by 2031) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Refuse and Recyclable Material Collectors | 100.00% | 2.2/10 | 71.27% | 45,760 | 2.30% |
| 2 | Packers and Packagers, Hand | 100.00% | 1.6/10 | 76.89% | 34,830 | -4.20% |
| 3 | Machine Feeders and Offbearers | 100.00% | 1.1/10 | 81.25% | 39,250 | -12.70% |
| 4 | Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand | 100.00% | 2.7/10 | 78.21% | 37,660 | 4.20% |
| 5 | Fallers | 100.00% | 1.8/10 | 58.33% | 53,170 | -8.40% |
| 6 | Dredge Operators | 100.00% | 2.7/10 | 78.57% | 50,440 | 2.10% |
| 7 | Shoe Machine Operators and Tenders | 100.00% | 0.4/10 | 91.16% | 36,970 | -13.60% |
| 8 | Credit Analysts | 100.00% | 3.0/10 | 68.90% | 79,420 | -3.90% |
| 9 | Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers | 100.00% | 2.9/10 | 54.49% | 53,550 | 1.00% |
| 10 | Billing and Posting Clerks | 100.00% | 2.2/10 | 81.08% | 45,590 | 0.50% |
| 11 | Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners | 100.00% | 2.3/10 | 77.42% | 63,940 | 1.80% |
| 12 | Postal Service Mail Sorters, Processors, and Processing Machine Operators | 100.00% | 2.2/10 | 72.37% | 53,440 | -7.90% |
| 13 | Cooks, Fast Food | 100.00% | 1.4/10 | 74.73% | 29,260 | -13.70% |
| 14 | Postal Service Mail Carriers | 100.00% | 3.1/10 | 53.84% | 56,330 | -3.00% |
| 15 | Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks | 100.00% | 2.2/10 | 88.89% | 47,440 | -5.00% |
| 16 | Bill and Account Collectors | 100.00% | 1.8/10 | 68.18% | 44,250 | -9.50% |
| 17 | Telephone Operators | 100.00% | 0.7/10 | 85.88% | 38,080 | -26.40% |
| 18 | Motion Picture Projectionists | 100.00% | 0.9/10 | 72.66% | 35,160 | -5.00% |
| 19 | Correspondence Clerks | 100.00% | 1.6/10 | 83.33% | 42,120 | -6.70% |
| 20 | Receptionists and Information Clerks | 100.00% | 1.8/10 | 82.92% | 35,840 | -0.50% |
| 21 | Credit Authorizers, Checkers, and Clerks | 100.00% | 1.6/10 | 80.88% | 48,000 | -5.20% |
| 22 | Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service | 100.00% | 0.9/10 | 83.70% | 36,750 | -25.20% |
| 23 | Brokerage Clerks | 100.00% | 2.4/10 | 58.55% | 60,150 | -2.80% |
| 24 | Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks | 100.00% | 3.3/10 | 78.02% | 53,900 | 4.90% |
| 25 | Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks | 100.00% | 1.8/10 | 74.17% | 46,900 | -3.90% |
| 26 | Proofreaders and Copy Markers | 100.00% | 1.6/10 | 70.57% | 48,790 | -3.40% |
| 27 | Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service | 100.00% | 1.4/10 | 85.29% | 36,880 | -6.20% |
| 28 | Word Processors and Typists | 100.00% | 1.3/10 | 81.45% | 46,450 | -38.00% |
| 29 | Legal Secretaries and Administrative Assistants | 100.00% | 1.9/10 | 75.38% | 50,680 | -5.10% |
| 30 | Order Clerks | 100.00% | 1.2/10 | 78.91% | 41,600 | -17.90% |
| 31 | Office Machine Operators, Except Computer | 100.00% | 1.0/10 | 82.29% | 37,450 | -15.10% |
| 32 | Graders and Sorters, Agricultural Products | 100.00% | 1.0/10 | 78.70% | 34,360 | -4.70% |
| 33 | New Accounts Clerks | 100.00% | 1.3/10 | 80.85% | 44,630 | -14.60% |
| 34 | Data Entry Keyers | 100.00% | 1.1/10 | 90.60% | 37,790 | -25.00% |
| 35 | Food Batchmakers | 100.00% | 3.4/10 | 68.52% | 38,460 | 9.10% |
| 36 | Extruding and Drawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic | 100.00% | 3.0/10 | 70.00% | 44,390 | 2.00% |
| 37 | Food Cooking Machine Operators and Tenders | 100.00% | 1.4/10 | 77.78% | 38,550 | 1.00% |
| 38 | Slaughterers and Meat Packers | 100.00% | 1.9/10 | 69.32% | 38,160 | 1.40% |
| 39 | Pressers, Textile, Garment, and Related Materials | 100.00% | 1.0/10 | 73.86% | 32,240 | -12.00% |
| 40 | Timing Device Assemblers and Adjusters | 100.00% | 2.0/10 | 87.50% | 48,840 | -16.30% |
| 41 | Shoe and Leather Workers and Repairers | 100.00% | 1.2/10 | 52.14% | 36,020 | -11.90% |
| 42 | Tool Grinders, Filers, and Sharpeners | 100.00% | 1.8/10 | 75.00% | 46,410 | -7.80% |
| 43 | Gem and Diamond Workers | 100.00% | 1.6/10 | 81.25% | 47,450 | -3.70% |
| 44 | Milling and Planning Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic | 100.00% | 1.0/10 | 80.95% | 47,200 | -12.90% |
| 45 | Helpers--Production Workers | 100.00% | 1.1/10 | 77.82% | 36,700 | -8.30% |
| 46 | Sewing Machine Operators | 100.00% | 1.3/10 | 70.24% | 34,440 | -13.20% |
| 47 | Drilling and Boring Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic | 100.00% | 1.8/10 | 70.00% | 44,620 | -19.20% |
| 48 | Grinding, Lapping, Polishing, and Buffing Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic | 100.00% | 2.1/10 | 67.31% | 42,610 | -10.70% |
| 49 | Cutting, Punching, and Press Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic | 100.00% | 1.6/10 | 64.06% | 42,400 | -11.20% |
| 50 | Textile Winding, Twisting, and Drawing Out Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders | 100.00% | 1.6/10 | 67.86% | 35,530 | -8.80% |
| 51 | Textile Knitting and Weaving Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders | 100.00% | 1.1/10 | 68.42% | 37,130 | -11.80% |
| 52 | Textile Bleaching and Dyeing Machine Operators and Tenders | 100.00% | 0.4/10 | 80.71% | 35,340 | -10.30% |
| 53 | Mixing and Blending Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders | 100.00% | 3.5/10 | 86.54% | 46,100 | 4.30% |
| 54 | Etchers and Engravers | 100.00% | 2.3/10 | 89.58% | 40,040 | 2.30% |
| 55 | Cleaning, Washing, and Metal Pickling Equipment Operators and Tenders | 100.00% | 2.0/10 | 80.65% | 39,340 | 4.50% |
| 56 | Semiconductor Processing Technicians | 100.00% | 3.7/10 | 59.78% | 45,850 | 13.00% |
| 57 | Ophthalmic Laboratory Technicians | 100.00% | 2.2/10 | 51.67% | 37,720 | 1.60% |
| 58 | Sawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Wood | 100.00% | 2.4/10 | 77.78% | 38,000 | -0.50% |
| 59 | Tire Builders | 100.00% | 2.2/10 | 75.00% | 54,080 | 3.10% |
| 60 | Adhesive Bonding Machine Operators and Tenders | 100.00% | 2.3/10 | 56.25% | 43,540 | -0.50% |
| 61 | Cutters and Trimmers, Hand | 100.00% | 1.2/10 | 60.53% | 37,040 | -18.40% |
| 62 | Textile Cutting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders | 100.00% | 0.8/10 | 64.47% | 36,620 | -11.70% |
| 63 | Lathe and Turning Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic | 100.00% | 1.8/10 | 51.56% | 47,110 | -11.40% |
| 64 | Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks | 100.00% | 1.8/10 | 79.91% | 52,240 | -15.10% |
| 65 | Medical Transcriptionists | 100.00% | 1.3/10 | 77.31% | 37,060 | -4.70% |
| 66 | Extruding, Forming, Pressing, and Compacting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders | 99.90% | 2.7/10 | 68.75% | 42,670 | 2.70% |
| 67 | Office Clerks, General | 99.45% | 1.8/10 | 77.10% | 40,480 | -5.60% |
| 68 | Judicial Law Clerks | 99.32% | 3.1/10 | 52.66% | 57,490 | 3.40% |
| 69 | Cutting and Slicing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders | 99.26% | 1.5/10 | 79.41% | 44,310 | -2.70% |
| 70 | Tax Preparers | 99.13% | 2.8/10 | 73.44% | 49,010 | 4.20% |
| 71 | Patternmakers, Metal and Plastic | 98.97% | 2.0/10 | 96.88% | 49,670 | -22.20% |
| 72 | Heat Treating Equipment Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic | 98.36% | 1.3/10 | 68.75% | 44,240 | -9.50% |
| 73 | Electromechanical Equipment Assemblers | 98.24% | 3.8/10 | 75.00% | 40,490 | 7.20% |
| 74 | Bridge and Lock Tenders | 98.20% | 2.5/10 | 80.00% | 49,120 | 0.50% |
| 75 | Gambling and Sports Book Writers and Runners | 98.13% | 1.2/10 | 57.43% | 29,170 | -2.40% |
| 76 | Court, Municipal, and License Clerks | 97.59% | 2.7/10 | 66.67% | 46,110 | 3.80% |
| 77 | Woodworking Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Except Sawing | 97.54% | 1.6/10 | 65.38% | 38,260 | -2.20% |
| 78 | Telemarketers | 97.49% | 0.9/10 | 90.40% | 34,480 | -21.50% |
| 79 | Glass Blowers, Molders, Benders, and Finishers | 97.47% | 3.6/10 | 51.92% | 43,310 | 5.30% |
| 80 | Loading and Moving Machine Operators, Underground Mining | 97.27% | 2.5/10 | 60.00% | 64,070 | -22.90% |
| 81 | Parking Attendants | 97.17% | 2.4/10 | 81.63% | 32,840 | 5.30% |
| 82 | Medical Records Specialists | 97.09% | 3.8/10 | 68.94% | 48,780 | 8.70% |
| 83 | Extruding and Forming Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Synthetic and Glass Fibers | 96.78% | 2.2/10 | 75.00% | 44,030 | -3.10% |
| 84 | Farm Labor Contractors | 96.63% | 2.5/10 | 79.00% | 45,730 | 6.60% |
| 85 | Gambling Cage Workers | 96.46% | 0.8/10 | 82.95% | 36,110 | -3.70% |
| 86 | Molders, Shapers, and Casters, Except Metal and Plastic | 96.26% | 3.6/10 | 77.50% | 43,310 | 5.30% |
| 87 | Fast Food and Counter Workers | 96.21% | 2.7/10 | 87.56% | 29,540 | 5.70% |
| 88 | Logging Equipment Operators | 96.13% | 2.1/10 | 61.25% | 48,240 | -3.80% |
| 89 | Couriers and Messengers | 96.12% | 3.0/10 | 68.75% | 36,710 | 8.30% |
| 90 | Forging Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic | 95.99% | 1.0/10 | 77.50% | 46,990 | -15.70% |
| 91 | Financial Clerks | 95.79% | 2.0/10 | 86.64% | 45,790 | -6.10% |
| 92 | Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers | 95.58% | 1.9/10 | 88.97% | 29,780 | 2.60% |
| 93 | Molding, Coremaking, and Casting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic | 95.58% | 1.8/10 | 76.47% | 38,870 | -2.50% |
| 94 | Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive | 94.81% | 2.7/10 | 71.64% | 44,280 | -0.30% |
| 95 | Sewers, Hand | 94.46% | 0.7/10 | 74.68% | 32,240 | -12.20% |
| 96 | Painting, Coating, and Decorating Workers | 93.80% | 2.1/10 | 52.99% | 40,230 | 1.50% |
| 97 | Foundry Mold and Coremakers | 93.73% | 2.1/10 | 55.00% | 44,300 | -24.60% |
| 98 | Technical Writers | 93.58% | 4.0/10 | 55.64% | 80,050 | 4.00% |
| 99 | Agricultural Equipment Operators | 93.56% | 3.9/10 | 79.17% | 39,690 | 8.40% |
| 100 | Cytotechnologists | 93.55% | 4.2/10 | 70.00% | 60,780 | 5.30% |
It’s no coincidence that many of these jobs also show weak or negative growth projections through 2031. Technology isn't just changing the way these roles are done, it's starting to phase them out.
The Safer Side of the Job Market
On the flip side, some careers look far less vulnerable. Jobs that involve empathy, creative reasoning, or high-level strategy are proving harder for machines to replicate.
- Anthropologists and Archeologists are at the very bottom of the automation risk list, showing a 0% risk. Their work depends heavily on interpretation, deep context, and cultural insight.
- Emergency Management Directors also rank as safe. These professionals coordinate complex responses to disasters, which demand leadership, timing, and judgment.
- Security Managers, education administrators, and occupational therapists all show no risk of being automated, largely because their work hinges on decision-making and human interaction.
Medical professionals appear repeatedly throughout the low-risk list. Roles like internal medicine physicians, speech-language pathologists, and clinical psychologists not only involve personal care but require careful assessments that can’t be replicated with code. Median wages for these roles are significantly higher, often exceeding $90,000 or even $200,000 in physician roles.
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| # | Occupation | Risk level | Job score | Risk level (voted) | Median wage (USD) | Projected growth (by 2031) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Anthropologists and Archeologists | 0.00% | 7.5/10 | 19.18% | 63,800 | 7.80% |
| 2 | Emergency Management Directors | 0.00% | 6.4/10 | 36.21% | 83,960 | 4.00% |
| 3 | Security Managers | 0.00% | 8.0/10 | 25.53% | 102,340 | 5.30% |
| 4 | Education Administrators, Kindergarten through Secondary | 0.00% | 7.3/10 | 26.12% | 103,460 | -0.50% |
| 5 | Fitness and Wellness Coordinators | 0.00% | 5.9/10 | 45.00% | 57,570 | 6.90% |
| 6 | Civil Engineers | 0.00% | 8.5/10 | 28.04% | 95,890 | 6.50% |
| 7 | General Internal Medicine Physicians | 0.00% | 7.5/10 | 33.05% | 223,310 | 3.40% |
| 8 | Anthropology and Archeology Teachers, Postsecondary | 0.00% | 7.0/10 | 28.26% | 93,650 | 3.80% |
| 9 | Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary | 0.00% | 6.6/10 | 25.00% | 75,020 | 3.60% |
| 10 | Occupational Therapists | 0.00% | 8.9/10 | 19.39% | 96,370 | 11.10% |
| 11 | Clinical Nurse Specialists | 0.00% | 8.5/10 | 23.28% | 86,070 | 6.00% |
| 12 | First-Line Supervisors of Police and Detectives | 0.00% | 7.8/10 | 19.02% | 101,750 | 3.80% |
| 13 | Hospitalists | 0.00% | 8.0/10 | 30.15% | 236,000 | 3.90% |
| 14 | Neuropsychologists | 0.00% | 7.8/10 | 23.19% | 117,750 | 5.00% |
| 15 | Neurologists | 0.00% | 8.2/10 | 21.89% | 224,260 | 6.80% |
| 16 | Psychiatrists | 0.00% | 8.6/10 | 25.30% | 226,880 | 7.60% |
| 17 | Coaches and Scouts | 0.00% | 7.5/10 | 22.33% | 45,910 | 8.80% |
| 18 | Chief Executives | 0.00% | 8.3/10 | 24.14% | 206,680 | 5.50% |
| 19 | Manufactured Building and Mobile Home Installers | 0.00% | 3.6/10 | 33.93% | 38,980 | -19.60% |
| 20 | Urologists | 0.00% | 8.5/10 | 21.74% | 236,000 | 3.90% |
| 21 | Physical Therapists | 0.00% | 9.0/10 | 19.47% | 99,710 | 14.20% |
| 22 | Choreographers | 0.00% | 6.5/10 | 22.81% | 52,000 | 5.30% |
| 23 | Recreational Therapists | 0.00% | 6.5/10 | 24.14% | 57,120 | 4.30% |
| 24 | Firefighters | 0.00% | 7.3/10 | 15.36% | 57,120 | 4.20% |
| 25 | First-Line Supervisors of Firefighting and Prevention Workers | 0.00% | 7.5/10 | 26.32% | 86,220 | 4.20% |
| 26 | Nurse Anesthetists | 0.00% | 8.0/10 | 36.07% | 212,650 | 10.40% |
| 27 | Nurse Midwives | 0.00% | 8.1/10 | 23.31% | 129,650 | 7.10% |
| 28 | Nurse Practitioners | 0.00% | 9.0/10 | 28.58% | 126,260 | 46.30% |
| 29 | Dentists, General | 0.00% | 7.8/10 | 29.95% | 166,300 | 4.80% |
| 30 | Physician Assistants | 0.00% | 8.7/10 | 30.79% | 130,020 | 28.50% |
| 31 | Art Therapists | 0.00% | 7.8/10 | 22.46% | 63,650 | 11.80% |
| 32 | Music Therapists | 0.00% | 7.0/10 | 37.79% | 63,650 | 11.80% |
| 33 | Advanced Practice Psychiatric Nurses | 0.00% | 8.5/10 | 12.50% | 86,070 | 6.00% |
| 34 | Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physicians | 0.00% | 8.2/10 | 25.74% | 236,000 | 3.90% |
| 35 | Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary | 0.00% | 7.3/10 | 20.30% | 80,360 | 2.70% |
| 36 | Sports Medicine Physicians | 0.00% | 8.5/10 | 15.79% | 236,000 | 3.90% |
| 37 | Adapted Physical Education Specialists | 0.00% | 5.8/10 | 20.45% | 67,190 | 2.10% |
| 38 | Preventive Medicine Physicians | 0.00% | 7.3/10 | 36.67% | 236,000 | 3.90% |
| 39 | Emergency Medical Technicians | 0.00% | 7.0/10 | 14.09% | 38,930 | 6.10% |
| 40 | Paramedics | 0.00% | 7.6/10 | 15.05% | 53,180 | 5.90% |
| 41 | Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary | 0.00% | 6.9/10 | 35.17% | 82,140 | 5.00% |
| 42 | Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary | 0.00% | 7.5/10 | 42.65% | 80,780 | 17.90% |
| 43 | Midwives | 0.00% | 7.4/10 | 16.28% | 63,630 | 5.80% |
| 44 | Athletic Trainers | 0.00% | 7.5/10 | 27.22% | 57,930 | 12.70% |
| 45 | Healthcare Social Workers | 0.00% | 8.1/10 | 23.05% | 62,940 | 9.70% |
| 46 | Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers | 0.00% | 8.0/10 | 11.22% | 55,960 | 11.60% |
| 47 | Architecture Teachers, Postsecondary | 0.00% | 6.4/10 | 37.96% | 105,770 | 3.20% |
| 48 | Architects, Except Landscape and Naval | 0.00% | 8.0/10 | 34.55% | 93,310 | 7.80% |
| 49 | Landscape Architects | 0.00% | 6.7/10 | 36.82% | 79,320 | 4.70% |
| 50 | Marriage and Family Therapists | 0.00% | 7.7/10 | 25.00% | 58,510 | 16.20% |
| 51 | Mental Health Counselors | 0.00% | 8.0/10 | 27.51% | 53,710 | 18.80% |
| 52 | Clinical Neuropsychologists | 0.00% | 7.6/10 | 28.47% | 117,750 | 5.00% |
| 53 | Critical Care Nurses | 0.00% | 8.5/10 | 23.13% | 86,070 | 6.00% |
| 54 | Physicists | 0.58% | 8.3/10 | 18.84% | 155,680 | 7.20% |
| 55 | Urban and Regional Planners | 0.64% | 7.4/10 | 23.31% | 81,800 | 4.30% |
| 56 | Chief Sustainability Officers | 0.84% | 8.1/10 | 33.33% | 206,680 | 5.50% |
| 57 | Farm and Home Management Educators | 0.92% | 4.6/10 | 35.71% | 59,770 | -1.70% |
| 58 | Fish and Game Wardens | 1.08% | 5.6/10 | 18.53% | 60,380 | -5.00% |
| 59 | Bioengineers and Biomedical Engineers | 1.45% | 7.8/10 | 28.13% | 100,730 | 7.40% |
| 60 | Biologists | 1.48% | 7.7/10 | 26.53% | 91,100 | 5.60% |
| 61 | Orthotists and Prosthetists | 1.78% | 7.5/10 | 33.57% | 78,100 | 15.10% |
| 62 | Park Naturalists | 1.81% | 7.4/10 | 17.71% | 68,750 | 5.60% |
| 63 | Pediatricians, General | 2.11% | 7.5/10 | 22.67% | 198,690 | 2.10% |
| 64 | Biochemists and Biophysicists | 2.23% | 8.0/10 | 30.37% | 107,460 | 9.00% |
| 65 | Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors | 2.41% | 7.3/10 | 29.60% | 61,710 | 4.50% |
| 66 | Environmental Restoration Planners | 2.49% | 7.0/10 | 25.00% | 78,980 | 7.30% |
| 67 | Soil and Plant Scientists | 2.78% | 7.6/10 | 22.37% | 68,240 | 7.20% |
| 68 | Exercise Trainers and Group Fitness Instructors | 2.92% | 7.0/10 | 35.98% | 46,480 | 13.60% |
| 69 | Health Education Specialists | 3.02% | 6.9/10 | 34.00% | 62,860 | 7.00% |
| 70 | Environmental Engineers | 3.05% | 8.0/10 | 29.65% | 100,090 | 6.90% |
| 71 | Special Education Teachers, Secondary School | 3.11% | 6.8/10 | 25.00% | 66,620 | -0.60% |
| 72 | Construction Managers | 3.15% | 8.9/10 | 22.64% | 104,900 | 9.10% |
| 73 | Naturopathic Physicians | 3.16% | 6.4/10 | 39.71% | 107,990 | 2.60% |
| 74 | Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary | 3.54% | 6.2/10 | 33.33% | 85,260 | 4.80% |
| 75 | Clergy | 3.79% | 6.5/10 | 10.32% | 58,920 | 2.50% |
| 76 | Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors | 3.94% | 8.2/10 | 21.57% | 53,710 | 18.80% |
| 77 | Chiropractors | 3.96% | 8.0/10 | 20.15% | 76,530 | 9.90% |
| 78 | Fire Inspectors and Investigators | 4.15% | 6.7/10 | 32.69% | 74,160 | 4.50% |
| 79 | Exercise Physiologists | 4.17% | 6.4/10 | 40.63% | 54,860 | 10.40% |
| 80 | Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary | 4.65% | 5.7/10 | 35.00% | 75,770 | 3.40% |
| 81 | Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary | 5.15% | 7.6/10 | 36.00% | 83,920 | 8.40% |
| 82 | Directors, Religious Activities and Education | 5.55% | 5.7/10 | 30.30% | 50,140 | 2.20% |
| 83 | Social and Community Service Managers | 5.76% | 8.1/10 | 26.06% | 77,030 | 8.20% |
| 84 | Special Education Teachers, Elementary School | 5.76% | 6.5/10 | 16.41% | 64,910 | -0.70% |
| 85 | Special Education Teachers, Kindergarten | 5.76% | 6.5/10 | 19.05% | 64,910 | -0.70% |
| 86 | Acute Care Nurses | 5.76% | 7.4/10 | 15.63% | 86,070 | 6.00% |
| 87 | Water/Wastewater Engineers | 5.81% | 8.5/10 | 16.25% | 95,890 | 6.50% |
| 88 | Curators | 6.11% | 7.5/10 | 16.18% | 61,750 | 12.20% |
| 89 | Industrial-Organizational Psychologists | 6.28% | 7.4/10 | 26.22% | 147,420 | 5.80% |
| 90 | Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers | 6.40% | 7.4/10 | 17.57% | 72,280 | 3.90% |
| 91 | Range Managers | 6.47% | 6.2/10 | 44.44% | 68,750 | 5.60% |
| 92 | Prosthodontists | 6.49% | 6.5/10 | 41.07% | 234,000 | 3.50% |
| 93 | Education and Childcare Administrators, Preschool and Daycare | 6.56% | 5.7/10 | 23.53% | 54,290 | -2.10% |
| 94 | Water Resource Specialists | 6.57% | 7.6/10 | 47.92% | 157,740 | 7.50% |
| 95 | Hydrologists | 6.65% | 6.3/10 | 25.00% | 88,770 | 2.80% |
| 96 | Epidemiologists | 6.71% | 7.5/10 | 30.67% | 81,390 | 18.80% |
| 97 | Veterinarians | 6.83% | 8.6/10 | 26.10% | 119,100 | 19.10% |
| 98 | Electricians | 6.84% | 8.3/10 | 20.45% | 61,590 | 10.80% |
| 99 | Fire-Prevention and Protection Engineers | 7.08% | 7.0/10 | 31.82% | 103,690 | 5.10% |
| 100 | Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary | 7.36% | 7.7/10 | 38.46% | 105,650 | 18.80% |
The pattern is clear: the harder it is to standardize a job, the harder it is to automate.
What the Model Looks At
The risk scores came from a model trained using job data from O*NET, a database maintained by the U.S. Department of Labor. The model evaluated more than just job titles. It looked at dozens of traits per role, things like originality, manual precision, persuasion, scheduling, and social awareness. These attributes were measured both in terms of importance and level of difficulty.
Jobs that demand higher levels of abstract thinking, creative solutions, and interpersonal awareness were less likely to be marked as automatable. In contrast, tasks with fixed outcomes and clear inputs were labeled as easy targets.
The developers behind WillRobotTakeMyJob also factored in user feedback and manually labeled edge cases. The final scores came from a regression model, which had a high predictive accuracy of over 91%.
Lessons for the Working World
For workers, the list isn’t meant to cause panic. But it should raise a flag. If your role sits high on the risk chart, it might be time to rethink what you bring to the table. Learning new skills, cross-training, or moving into roles that require more thinking and less repetition could help with long-term career survival.
It’s also worth watching how companies use automation. Some may swap out workers for cost savings, while others might keep people in place but shift them into oversight, coordination, or technical roles. Jobs won’t vanish overnight, but the nature of how we work is already starting to tilt.
A Look Ahead
If there's one message from this data, it's that no job is guaranteed forever. But the ones that thrive will be those that keep people at the center, jobs that lean on our ability to think, connect, and adapt.
Whether you’re packing boxes or planning evacuations, the best way to stay ahead of the machines is to keep doing what they can’t.
Read next: Can AI Argue Better Than You? New Study Suggests It Might
by Irfan Ahmad via Digital Information World
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